Hepatitis C
Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
Hepatitis C is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It affects the liver and can lead to serious inflammation and damage. The World Health Organization estimates that around 71 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis C, and it is the most common chronic blood‑borne infection in the United States with about 2.4 million people living with the disease.
Transmission
HCV is transmitted through contact with infected blood, most commonly via sharing needles during intravenous drug use, unsafe medical procedures or transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. Sexual transmission is less common but possible.
Symptoms
- •Fatigue
- •Joint pain
- •Nausea and vomiting
- •Abdominal pain
- •Loss of appetite
- •Jaundice
- •Itchy skin
- •Dark urine
- •Pale stools
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a blood test to detect antibodies to HCV. If antibodies are present, a HCV RNA test measures the amount of viral RNA in the blood (detectable 1–2 weeks after infection). Liver function tests may also be performed to measure proteins and enzyme levels, which typically rise 7–8 weeks after infection.
Treatment
There is no vaccine for hepatitis C; however, the infection is curable and several medications are available. People should consult a healthcare provider about the latest treatment options.
Prevention
Practicing safer sex, avoiding sharing needles or syringes, and using caution when getting tattoos or body piercings help prevent hepatitis C.
Sources
- Written by Love Hurts, Inc. (Medically reviewed by Kecia Gaither, MD on March 31, 2024)
- CDC: “HCV Infection.”
- Mayo Clinic: “Hepatitis C”
- WebMD: “Hepatitis C and the Hep C Virus”
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